Encyclopedia of furniture making pdf free download

Part 1 — Concepts and Rules of Design. Part 2 — Drawing and Managing Projects. Part 3 — Color and Lighting. Part 5 — Styles, Periods and Design History. Part 6 — Curtains and Soft Furnishings. Part 7 — Rooms and Stairs.

Color schemes are simple to keep organized if you have a system. Use this form as the basis of a system for yourself, you will adapt it to suit your own needs as you become more experienced and know what detail is most important for your interior decorating jobs. Defining your own color scheme system is always easier if you have somewhere to start, so we hope this form gives you a helping hand.

If you are new at interior decorating and design, then this download is for you. German console-commodes were elaborately carved and metal-trimmed. Molded substitute for wood carving. Whiting, resin, and size are kneaded and molded in carved shapes, which are then attached to. The back half of the frame or apron is cut and hinged two or more times under the extended top leaf, to fold in upon itself.

Architectural term for a bracket of any kind used to support cornices or shelves. The bracket is. Currently, almost any type of wall table. From the cutting and seasoning of timber, the conversion into dimension stock, veneers and plywoods; the machining of moldings, rabbet, and dadoes, tity-production procedure depends on machines scientific.

Nevertheless, the suc-. The handmade, or custom, product is by one man working at a bench. The factory product may move down a production line with many hands, each applying his specialized opera3. Production methods in finishing have advanced tremendously with the advent of new syn-. Efforts to synthesize patinas. Material and skills vary widely. Chairs are frameworks designed primarily to withstand such stress as weight and twisting. They basically follow an arbitrary shape in which the articulation of members is as important as the proportions, which are governed by the human body and by a particular manner of sitting.

Thus, styles of design and construcgories that. By the strategic parts, the members brace one another. Adhesives at the joints prevent the parts from moving and allow-. The effect was originally obtained through upholstering. Modern materials and techniques achieve such forms in. Casework furniture includes receptacles or storage devices such as chests-of-drawers and cabinets.

The drawer is essentially a mechanical device. Its invention after the Gothic period really marks the beginning of modern furniture. The box idea began with a lateral. Its first breakthrough came with the framed panel, achieving relative lightness, dimensional stability and rigidity. Nothing in Western work approaches the complex jointing of Chinese cabinetry, but their casework is independent of glue, and therefore never atdrawer. There are a number of primary joints: 1 plain butt, 2 rabbeted, 3 doweled, 4 mortise-and-tenoned, 5 splined, 6 dovetailed.

There are also infinite variations of these joints, developed for special purposes or through the joiners' ingenuity. Rabbeted joints are known as dadoed, housed, or grooved, with many combinations. Doweled joints, the most generally used today, are in effect secured butt joints. Splined joints are known as tongue-andgrooved when the edges of the boards are shaped to parts; joinery is.

Dovetailing, now used to join drawer sides, occurs in older casework at the meeting of sides and top. All rules for joinery are qualified. Nails are rafely used, except for temporary setting until glue takes hold. Screws or clip fasteners are often used to allow movement of the wood in some planes. Frameworks, such as chairs, tables, etc. Doweled joints are most commonly used, with braces arranged to distribute the strains into other planes.

Such are stretchers, which, being visible,. In lateth-century work there was a recurrence of flush sides, both in solid and in veneered panels. With the advent of plywood it became more feasible to use flush sides. Drawer cases are held together by horizontal partitions, or dust panels, between the drawers.

Flush doors in cabinets are best made with framed cores. Carpentry is concerned with weight and strains and. See also France. Reproduction, replica. Furniture copies are usually made of old pieces having historic or antiquar-. Paneling lines often carry through in the architectural forms. They were common throughout the 18th century in England and America, and in France as encoignure. Chippendale's school used it extensively as the central ornament surrounding a cabochon on seat rails of chairs.

Rracket or brace to carry weight, deriving from the architectural term "to corbel out," in which one or more bricks or stones project to carry a weight. Leatherworking in Europe its inspiration from the technique of decorating leather evolved in Cordova, Spain, during the Middle Ages.

By the time the Renaissance spread derived most of. Cordova leather. Flanders inherited the method from the conquerors of the Lowlands, whence it was popularized in French and English decoration.

Much of the leather was stamped with ornate, rather Oriental, designs, gilt and polished. Architectural order of column, with growing out of acanthus leaves. The most ornate Greek form, it was adapted and highly developed by the Romans.

See also orders. Detached boxes or frames from which curtains hung were also so called in the 18th architectural unit. Good 18th- and 19thcentury work is scantily ornamented, unlike provincial work of France. Lateth-century English reform movements worked largely with country models. Every style has produced a variety of types, from simple boxes.

Renaissance forms are unbridled imaginative designs; similar complex forms appear in Sheraton's. The cradle now almost obsolete in favor of the more functional. Upholsterer and cabinetmaker, had a shop in Dock Street, New York, in midth century. Settee with his label. Important side table of Gothic style, usually oak. Origin probably religious, from credere, to believe. Later used as sideboard for carving meat,. See woods.

Gothic architectural ornament consisting of moldings terminating in a curve or roll. Used on. The wood was chiefly oak; turnings settlers of the. Cabinet or box with doors, for storage. The special types and names are numerous, springing from special uses and locations. Sometimes a cupboard considered an architectural feature only, the freestanding equivalent being a cabinet.

See also cabinet;. Stair ir. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Court-cupboard shape with simplified Italianate detail.

Anderson Galleries early 18th century. Fluted decoration reminiscent of linenfold paneling. Maple, birch, walnut, and others show distinct cross-grain markings in parts of some logs.

This figure is prized. Raised platform at one end of medieval rooms, upon which was the table for the master, while the retainers sat below. Also occurs in Empire style for use with beds. Curly maple was favored in Early American work.

See also woods. X-chair of the kalian Renaissance, having four heavy legs curving up to arms, with leather or fabric seat. Spanish type rather top-heavy;. The manufacture of damask began in Italy very early, and until the end of the 17th century Venice and Genoa supplied most of Europe.

The French weavers took. They appear in England with the Restoration. The commoner reference in ancient. America is to a true bed form with both ends the same height and placed lengthwise to the wall. This form grew from the alcove bed of 18th-century France, which evolved through the Louis XVI and Empire styles into the familiar shape of the current style.

As a substitute for painted decoration, it appeared in the late 18th century, but became popular only in the early 's, chiefly in America. Hitchcock and similar chairs were sometimes. Inside were kept writing maand valuables.

This form was known in ancient China and Egypt; it is the monastic scriptorium of the Middle Ages. These Gothic forms, growing larger, came to be mounted on stands [], and presently the hinging of the lid was reversed so that the inner side formed a writing surface when opened [].

Hence the slant-front and fall-front types that are known today. The desk box survived into the 18th century. From the French practice of covering it with a woolen cloth French bure comes the word "bureau," later signifying any desk compartment, and corrupted in America to mean chest of drawers.

In England and later in America this type became a leading article. The addition of the bookcase top made The name is derived from scrutoire or scriptoire. Italy, Austria, and Germany produced elaborate secretaries in Baroque complexity.

The lateof furniture. In the Empire period the slant front almost disappeared, and the straight. Biedermeier secretaries carried this even further; tall compositions, sometimes of three architectural facades, complete with columns and cornices and pediments, were made in light woods.

American desks of the same period favored a debased Sheraton form with slightly slanted fold-over leaf and turned legs. An epidemic of letter writing and memoirs raged in France during Louis XV's reign and, with its counterpart in England, made desks essential in every room. These were dainty tablelike affairs with small enclosed top sections, clos-.

Early French pedestal table fitted with the form of a woman's head, and used to hold. Table desks developed naturally from the simple writing table; banks of drawers were added below,. A form of kneehole arrangement occurs fre-.

American work a practical workdesk, sometimes called "George Washington," set precedent for modern utilitarian pieces. These types are called "library tables" in England. See also library table; writing desk. In earliest furniture history they. Detachable desk box on lowboy. Metrovolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Mrs. Walnut slant top. Macassar ebony. Designed by Ruhlmann. Metropolitan Museum of Art, Edward.

Probably first woven in Ypres in the 16th century, it took its name from d'Ypre. Also, a basic pattern in conventional wall painting, wallpapers, inlays, etc. Napoleon extinguished the Directory in November, , and in his Consulate laid the foundation for the. England, the elegance of Duncan Phyfe and Lannuier in America, a capricious Directoire in Italy, and a coldly sober classicism in Scandinavia.

Don Ruseau Commode c. Half-round pediments of cabinets, especially Queen Anne period; similar to hooded. The primary Greek order of architecture.

Heavy arrissed columns with simple details yield a sense of structural value. Roman Doric, lighter and more refined, retains much of Greek simplicity. Also, a butterflyshaped inset used to join boards lengthwise in tabletops, floors, etc. See construction. Sea animal used more or less realistically carving and painting on furniture, bronze and stone. In the Italian. In later styles the intention as a bride's chest is plainly deduced from the initials, the inscription, or the forms.

First appears in Italy, France, and England in the sixteenth century; its highest development. L A low Legendary beast used in more or less deScaly feet and claws, fierce heads, serpentine coils, etc. Free renderings occur in Baroque carvings in Italy, France, and Germany. Almost any form of table may be used as a dressing table when it is equipped with the customary mirror, drawers, etc.

The use of types. The draping of cold stone walls by means of. Like good structural architecture reduced to ornament, this has led to the simulation of the effect of drapery in painting and wallpaper, carving and. England and France encouraged their development in many varieties. Men made much of dressing tables in England and France, and for over a century much ingenuity was expended on arrangements of mirrors, lighting, etc.

The "Beau Brummels" of England and the poudreuses of France are outstanding types. See also beau bbummel; powdeb table; in. Style of Sheraton c. Style of Sheraton. Fitted dressing drawer in.

Concave seat, in which the sides are slightly higher than the middle of the front and back. Also called scoop seat. The shape suggests a drum. See rent table. Hepplewhite's version had two armchairs facing each other, with a stool or ottoman of the same level.

French canopy bed with full tester, fixed to the wall instead of to posts, the drapery hanging down to the bedding and floor. They were generally placed near the hostess' end of the table, and carried additional plates and silver, dessert and cheese and, later, liquor bottles and glasses. An American version for use upon the table developed as the "lazy Susan," a revolving tray in the early. They appear throughout the 17th and 18th centuries in England and the Low Countries.

Since no use seems plausibly ascribable to them, it is assumed that they were made and used. Distinctive are large cupboards called "Kas," usually painted. Thin wood panel used between drawers to exclude dust and hinder access. See also construction. Period of Dutch colonization in North America, 17th century.

There was. Byzantine designers in the Renaissance was sparing at first. From heraldry it was adapted to painting and carving; conventionalization brought out the familiar. Byzantine art became permeated with Christian symbolism, and remains of this period show wide use of Church emblems, such as the circle, cross, crown, vine, dove, peacock, and biblical figures. They survive in fabrics, mosaics, carvings in stone and wood, painting and metalwork.

English work in oak and ash, and American design, mostly in cherry, bear incised lines, chip carving, stuck-on bits of molding and turning, falsely architectural excrescences, and pseudoutilitarian hardware. Further crossbreeding came with a craze for things Japanese, producing the mock-Oriental panel decorations, and insertions of tiles decorated with medieval themes. The philosophy found a ready ear in Germany. As a turning point the logic and exposition of Eastlake must not be underappreciated.

His book Hints on Household Taste was published in many editions after United States. With Ruskin he deplores "speedy fashion changes due to machine facility. The French bergere is probably the prototype of all our easy chairs, although some variation came by way of the English wing chairs and deep armchair of the 18th century.

See also upholstery. Ebonyworker; French for "cabinetmaker. It permits their modification or combination with other styles as freely as the designer's dictates, or.

Folding seats had X-crossed legs with leather seats. Some beds were piles of quilts on frames; others, foldline. Carved enrichment of an ovolo molding suggesting alternately eggs and darts. An ancient architectural ornament, it is one of the most frequent in carved. From these conclude that Egyptian inventiveness supplied the shapes and models for most articles of furni-. The motives were largely animal forms; the various lion paws, heads, and other details persisted in all subsequent usually in paint; chairs.

Jacobean includes the period during which the Renaissance spirit was wholly absorbed into English art. At Elizabeth's accession in , the dominant Tudor forms of furniture were based on the perpendicular Gothic architecture; the arts as a whole possessed a homogeneity of spirit and design never after ap-.

Flemish craftsmen at this time came as refugees and. Napoleon's African campaign in brought it to France, where it was systematically organized and offered as a style, and the English designers took it over to some degree. As a feature of the Empire style, some details persisted. See also naturalize Egyptian forms. The melon-bulbous leg, the Tudor rose, and decoration by channeling are the most easily identified characteristics.

Philadelphia cabinetmaker known to have made dressing cases and wall mirrors. Romans, and there are surviving Gothic examples.

It appears occasionally in English and a few Continental but principally in provincial work. English chairs of elm, particularly with elm seats, are common survivors of Georgian times. Elms are used extensively. The odd figures of the American and English elms, and more particularly the burl of the Carpathian elm, make beautiful veneered surfaces.

See also needlework. On their return they added the Egyptian details that so intrigued English Regency. Mahogany, rosewood, and ebony were the rule, with brass or gilt mounts in the forms of swags and festoons, wreaths and laurel branches, torches, mythological figures, and the Napoleonic emblems of the bee, the crown and the letter N; later, sphinxes and other Egyptian figures were used.

The tripod table and other Pompeiian details are common. Fabrics bore the same ornaments and were executed chiefly in hard textures and strong shades of green, yellow, blue, and red.

In short, whatever Napoleon's motive in inspiring the step, the fact remains that its spirit suited excellently the rising classicism, and. York, Rosewood graininlay, stencil and freehand decoration. Political and economic. Mahogany, and Satinwood. Age of Oak, most typically native, includes all the Gothic development from French sources after the Norman Conquest, through the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts.

Thus furniture up to is reasonably consecutive in. Mahogany, an imported wood, symbolizes the growth of wealth and world power under an imported dynasty, the German Georges of the house of Hanover. The distinctions of the Georgian styles are purely chronological;.

Their printed works and executed. Dutch Baroque, the French Rococo, the revived waves of chinoiserie. Chippendale, the Brothers Adam, Hepplewhite, and Sheraton are only a few of the many the. Age of Satinwood is least distinct, chronologically or as a school of furniture style. It represents. The Gothic Age established a fairly universal system of furniture, solid and angular in outline, architectural in form and ornament.

The development of furniture is marked principally by the passage from the hands of the carpenter to the specialized joiner. Under the less sure hand of the Stuart kings, there were confusion and revolt. The latter, a transitional. Italian influences came with Italian architects; but only in secular. Romayne work, scrolls and dolphins were added to the Tudor roses, palmetted bands and zigzags of the carvers' vocabulary.

Under Elizabeth this RenaissanceGothic combination attained its height, distinct from any Continental styles. Massive and large-scaled, the structural principles are simple and effective; joints Intricate.

Paneled chairs, drawtop tables, court cupboards, colossal beds with heavy wooden canopies are prodigally ornamented with groturning. Flatter carving used the Renaissance motives, including Ionic capitals,. The gateleg table appeared, and upholstery improved some chairs. The Italian X-chair, footstools, highly carved mirror frames, and turned chairs were. Wall cupboard with seat and arms attached.

Lid, drawers, and doors. Oak, mother-of-pearl inlay; Italian influence. Strong influence of France and Italy appears in the strong geometric panel shapes and the arched perspective. Padding appears on the backs as well as on the seats of chairs, and leather decorated in the Spanish manner.

Baroque lushness appeared. Restoration lines lines of movement, instead of the squareness of Early Jacobean work. Distinctive are spiral turnings, double-curved legs, free curves, the Flemish scroll, deep carving with the oft-repeated crown motive, caning and upholstering with fine silks, velvets, brocades, embroideries, stamped leather.

Veneering is a. Lacquer and painted decoration after Indian and Chinese examples, known since Elizabeth, became a rage: Oriental themes and details were colorfully executed in inlay, paint, and carving. Gesso, silvered or gilded in the Italian manner, also provided brilliant, showy surfaces. Even solidsilver furniture. The huge bed, hung with fabrics of absurd costliness and grandeur, reached its zenith during this period. Grinling Gibbons's style of carving set the precedent for most decorative treatment during the ensuing half century.

His three-year reign ended with the Bloodless Bevolution of The entire period, for. The Dutch club foot and Smaller,. Lacquer and japanning still rose in popularity. Seaweed marquetry suggests the minute intricacies of French Boulle work. Walnut is predominant, but many other woods appear as veneers and for contrast in inlays. Sleek and sophisticated, there is generally a unity of curved lines in niture, as well as a restraint of.

Improved technique made stretchers unnecessary after , and pierced back splats became more decorative. Marquetry was subordinated to fine walnut surfaces. Carved motives were the scallop shell, broken and C-curves, and acanthus leaves. New habits introduced. Secretaries, bookcases, fire screens, mirrors, tallboys, love seats, etc.

Unusual foot typical of wide experimentation with cabriole form. More ornate features began to elaborate suave lines. Cabriole legs ended in animal details, such as ball-andclaw or hoof feet. Lion masks, foliated scrolls, complex perity.

Vanbrugh, Ware. Gilding was favored, while lacquerwork declined. Rracket and pedestal bases and applied architectural details are the. As it excelled walnut in strength, ease of carving,. Most significant about Early Georgian furniture is its completely English quality.

The foreign elements, flowing into England for more than a century, had become completely fused into a distinct national style.

Ry , the furniture was English, more so than the Dutch and German rulers. Style and nomenclature no longer followed the monarchs. Walnut with burl veneers. Label of "Grendey. Late date for such stretcher and undeveloped cabriole. By William Lambert. Naturalistic carving of eagle and dolphins recalls Baroque. Revived Palladian influence William Kent is suggested in composition and detail; carving recalls Grinling Gibbons.

Tastefully restrained composition foreshadows quality of developing 18th-. With all the intricacy. Far from being the first book of this type, it had prototypes in works by the Langleys, Swan, Lock, Jones, Copeland, Johnson, the Halfpennys, etc. The book was so enthusiastically received everywhere that its patterns. Of furniture in the style of the Director, Chippendale himself produced a minimum. Some of the designs are technically poor, while Chippendale's.

Consequently, there are vigorous schools of Chippendale in America see Philadelphia Chippendale ; Scotland, where most literal copies were made; and Ireland, where the style was so liberally modified as to be recognizable as a distinct manner.

See irish Chippendale. The Rococo taste came from France as the style of Louis XV, was greatly restrained in English work, but attained special splendor in gilt mirrors and commodes. The eclecticism of the period also led to an abortive Gothic revival. Interest in chinoiserie and Oriental themes came in periodic waves. All these details, surprisingly welded together, found their way into mahogany.

Painting was used for whole surfaces as well as for ornaments. Marble and scagliola, metal mounts and gilding, all contributed to the effect of rich elegance and refinement. Satinwood appears about , and is coincidental with the refining influence inaugurated by the Adams. Hepplewhite is credited with modifying the classic influences into furniture of great charm and elegance.

Cold angularity was softened into subtle curves. His book The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book purports to show the "present taste in furniture" probably indicating that many of the designs were not his own. However, the designs shown are so good and so well is.

Chippendale forty years before, Sheraton served master to the whole cabinetmaking industry, and drawings epitomize the contemporary style. He covered the entire field of. The French Revolution and the chaotic sequence of. Typical motifs are the three-feathered crest of the Prince of Wales, wheat, ribbons, fine swags,.

Hepplewhite employed decorative painting extensively, and sponsored the use of satinwood and fine inlaying. In , two years after Hepplewhite's death, his widow published his book The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Guide, which had much the same effect on his reputation as the Director had had on Chippendale'sthat is, the whole style is sometimes ascribed paterae, etc.

Hepplewhite and is credited with the familiar sideboard design. His drawings appear in Designs for Household Furniture They were the great lights of a vigorous style, but there were lesser lights and there were cabinetmakers with the craft and grace to execute the designs offered. The production of books on furniture was a thriving industry; and part of every gentleman's education was in architecture, the classics, and design.

Among the contributors must be listed Chambers, Manwaring, Ince and Mayhew, Lock and Copeland, and innumerable others. The tremendous furniture output of the mahogany period can be largely lumped into two types: the Baroque-Rococo, through , and the Classic Revival, after that time.

The former, known by fuller It. After that, the Age of Stainwood lays the ground for the decline. In the quest for lightness, structure. Roman types were reproduced wherever possible after gave. Egyptian, bronzed or gilded, comand accepting large surfaces of unembellished wood.

The earlier phases of the style are solid and scholarly in an extension of the great 18th-century classicism. Its orderly development collided with the expansive pressures of the Industrial Revolution. Burgeoning wealth created vast new markets, and in striving for originality and variety, designers and furniture makers verged directly. In England this saturation process was slow. The lower classes were wedded to the simple forms, and the provincial gentry were conservative.

Thus, oak furniture prevailed throughout the Walnut Age, and many characteristics of Good Queen Bess's time lived on in furniture of the following century. Stronger individuality and deficiencies in technique gave novelty to the styles when they did come. Whatnot; a series of shelves supported by columns, used chiefly for the display of curios.

New parts are used to replace old or missing ones in old pieces and are then treated to present the same superficial aspect as the old parts. European models. Cherry and other fruitwoods are in less splendid furniture; rosewood was used in more costly work after Maple and pine were. Lambert Hitchcock. Veneering is general.

Brass feet and casters, brass ring handles and, to a lesser extent, brass applied ornaments were used. Of the latter, the commonest form was the eagle; the national bird is almost symbolically Federal.

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Important Assumptions The financial plan depends on important assumptions, most of which are shown in the following table.

Business Goal, Mission and Objective 4. Mars use different attractive methods to get more customers over time. This plan includes chapters on the company, products and services, market focus, action plans and forecasts, management team and financial plan.

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Mars want repeat business. And also want the experience to remain fresh. Comparing with other competitive cafeterias we will provide fewer prices to our customers. Mars will offer two sizes of drinks, small Birr 4. Our cookies and brownies will sell for Birr On this ceremony different well known peoples will be invited and some part of the customers will also be invited.